The raw materials that underpin part of the digital economy begin underground. Before being integrated into electric motors, wind turbines, semiconductors, and defense systems, so-called rare earth elements go through an industrial chain dominated by a few countries. The debate about these and other critical minerals, therefore, starts from this point. For researchers at the Institute of Economics (IE) at Unicamp and the think tanks According to the institute, the central question is whether Brazil will use its mineral base to develop industry, science and technology, or whether it will continue to export natural resources without controlling the most valuable stages.
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